Direct Instruction

Direct Instruction (DI) methodology is a highly structured, teacher-led instructional approach that emphasizes clear, explicit teaching of specific skills in a systematic and sequential manner. It was developed by Siegfried Engelmann and colleagues in the 1960s as part of Project Follow Through—the largest educational experiment in U.S. history—and has since been widely used in literacy, math, and other foundational subjects.

Core Principles of Direct Instruction

Explicit, Scripted Lessons

Teachers use carefully designed, scripted lessons that specify the exact wording, pacing, and sequence of instruction.

The goal is to minimize ambiguity and ensure that all students receive consistent, high-quality instruction.

Step-by-Step Skill Building

Concepts are introduced in small, logical steps.

New material builds upon previously mastered skills to promote retention and transfer.

Active Student Participation

Students are required to respond frequently, either chorally or individually, ensuring engagement and immediate feedback.

Frequent checking for understanding allows teachers to correct errors on the spot.

Mastery Learning

Progression to the next lesson occurs only when students demonstrate mastery of current material.

This prevents knowledge gaps and reinforces confidence.

Data-Driven Adjustments

Teachers continually assess performance through short, daily assessments.

Instruction is adjusted based on student progress.

Structure of a DI Lesson

A typical Direct Instruction lesson follows this structure:

  1. Review and warm-up - Recall prior knowledge
  2. Presentation - Teacher modeling of new concepts
  3. Guided practice - Students practice with teacher feedback
  4. Independent practice - Students demonstrate mastery
  5. Assessment and correction - Teacher evaluates and reteaches if necessary

Benefits

  • Proven effectiveness in improving reading and math outcomes, especially for disadvantaged students
  • Strong evidence base from Project Follow Through and subsequent studies
  • Promotes teacher clarity, time efficiency, and student confidence

Criticisms

  • Sometimes criticized for being too rigid or prescriptive, potentially limiting teacher creativity
  • May not fully encourage critical thinking or open-ended exploration
  • Works best when teachers are well-trained in its implementation
  • Reading Mastery
  • Connecting Math Concepts
  • Language for Learning
  • Corrective Reading